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Showing posts with label Tips and Tricks. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Tips and Tricks. Show all posts

Interesting Computer Facts

1. First ever microprocessor by Intel was “4004”.
2. Seagate introduced the first hdd for pcs in 1979.It held 5 M.B of data.
3. First Computer Company to register domain name was “Digital Equipment Corporation”.
4. QWERTY keyboard sequence is 133 years old.
5. Windows 95 can run on a 20 MHz 386DX and 4 MB of RAM.
6. [Ctrl] + [Alt] + [Delete] sequence was written by “David Bradley”.
7. In 1971, the first speech recognition software named, "Hearsay" was developed in India.
8. When Windows 3.1 was launched, 3 million copies were sold in the first two months.

How to run turbo C++ in Fullscreen mode

When you try to run turbo c++ IDE on latest version of windows like Windows7 or Vista, you may get the error message that 'The system does not support full screen mode. Choose close to terminate the application.'
The problem is that turbo C is very old DOS program. It's better to move on to an up to date compiler like visual c++ Express which is free and you certainly would have a better experience.

Anyway if you are up with turbo c++ and used to it, I have 3 tricks to run it full screen on windows7 and vista. The tricks can be simply classified based on which works on all versions of windows7 and one which only works under Windows 7 Enterprise, Windows 7 Professional, and Windows 7 Ultimate.

Technique 1

Log on to windows7 in safe mode. In safe mode the application running capabilities of an operating system is low and this mode is used as trouble fixing for OS. But this method is much simpler and you only need to log on to safe mode by pressing F8 on start up.
By summarizing the steps:
  1. Install turbo C++
  2. Start windows7 in safe mode.
  3. Execute turbo C++
Technique 2

By Disabling your graphics adapter.  This trick is done by just uninstalling the graphics driver. To do that
  1. Right click on My Computer, click Properties
  2. Select Device manager->Display Adapters
  3. Identify the display adapter of your computer, and uninstall.
You should try this trick only if you do not use your computer for Graphic related operations like playing multimedia games.By this trick graphics would look vulgar but you can run C++ in full screen.

Technique 3

By using DOSBox software. It is an  open source DOS emulator for BeOS, Linux, Mac OS X, OS/2, and Windows. This tool is primarily intended to play DOS games on windows7 but here we can use it run turbo C++ in Full screen mode.

  1. Download DOSBox frome here. (for windows)
  2. Install and run the DOSBox.
  3. Now a command prompt type window will appear. We need to mount TC folder. 
              Just type “mount c: c:/tc” and press enter. 
  • Assumed that Turbo C++ is installed in C drive and TC folders located at C:\TC
  • You may get a message that 'Drive C is mounted as local directory C:/TC\'                             
  • Change the directory to C/BIN/tc.exe. To do that, please follow the steps as shown in the below screen shot.



Now the Turbo C++ will open in DOSBox. Press ALT+ENTER  to toggle between full screen and mini screen.
 
 

By applying the above 3 tricks, you can run C compiler on full screen mode in windows 7.




How to fix audio and video mismatch while watching movies

Many of us are busy in downloading movies and videos from web in different formats such as avi, mp4, flv, mkv etc.. But these converted formats has a problem. The audio video sync may not be correct in all videos. In many videos, sound track may be lead over video track.But this problem is identified by media player coders, and they attached an option to fix the desynchronization of video. All you have to do is play your media file in VLC media player or Media Player Classic (MPC) and identify shift direction. Then you will be able to adjust the audio shift.

How to Fix Audio Sync Using VLC Media Player

Here's the steps to fix :
  1. Play your file in VLC and identify the shift of sound track.
  2. Click Tools > Preferences, Select 'Show Settings' from Simple to All.
  3. Click Audio on the left, locate audio desychronization compensation field. 
  4. Enter the shift value in milliseconds. If you feel one second shift, the input 1000 or -1000 according to shift direction.
  5. Click OK and Play the File. 
  6. You can use Keyboard shortcuts J and K to adjust audio sync.
     How to Fix Audio Sync Using Media Player Classic (MPC)

    You can do the same with media player classic.
    1. Open movie file in MPC. 
    2. Click View > Options, select Audio Switcher from left.
    3. Check Audio time shift (ms) and enter shift value in milliseconds like in VLC.
    4. Play the file

    How to increase the processor power of your computer


    Today tip is very useful for those users who are still using computer with minimum processor speed. To increase the performance of slow computer, you can force your system to free up the idle tasks that are running in the background and sharing processor power. This end tasks method force the computer to devote its full processor resource to what you want it to do.
    Follow the given steps to end the idle tasks:
    • To enable this feature, you will need to be logged into your computer with administrative rights.
    • Click Start button and click on Run option.
    • In the Run box, type the command Rundll32.exe advapi32.dll,ProcessIdleTasks  command
    • And press Ok button.
                                       

    • Here system will take some time to end the background idle tasks.

    Preview files while downloading with IDM

    IDM - Internet download Manager software is one of the best download managers that  uses dynamic file segmentation and safe multipart downloading technology to accelerate file downloading. Often if we download large files like movies, we want to check that the file which is downloading is correct. But IDM users have no option to preview movies or songs while downloading except rar preview. But this can be achieved by a simple trick. You only have to follow these steps.


    Things to Note: IDM multipart technology uses file splitting before downloading to boost downloading speed. This is why the file preview is not available in IDM. If you send a request to download a file using IDM, it splits file into pieces, then download each part in a sequence. However this tech may slow down download some times in my experience. For full preview of the downloading file, you have to disable this file splitting. 

    To do this, goto IDM options by clicking Downloads > Options. Click on Connection tab. Enter Default Max. Connection Number as 1. then click Ok. Then download you file.Your further downloads may look like this:

    Steps to Preview Files While Downloading with IDM

    1. Open IDM the click Downloads > Options, Save to tab.
     
    2. Look for the temporary  path where IDM stores the uncompleted download parts.
    3. Go to the location in your computer and find your file name that you were currently downloading. ( This can be done by goto DwnlData in temp folder the arrange files by modified by right click. )
    4.  You will have a file and a log file in it. You are almost done. 
    5. To preview the file open the file using VLC media player (If you are downloading a movie)

    You can play the file as much as the download progresses.

    Fix missing dvd drive in windows 7

    Sometimes you may experience missing dvd drive in your windows 7 even if it is listed in the BIOS. The solution belongs to some registry tweaks. To bring dvd drive back to windows explorer, do the following:
    • Click start button, type REGEDIT in the search box and press enter. This will open up registry editor for windows 7
    • Browse for HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINES\SYSTEM\Current Control Set\Control\Class . Onces you reached here, look for Upper Filters and Lower Filters keys and delete them if it's there. 
    • Restarting you PC will solve your problem.
    • Still there is no dvd drive showing after restarting your computer, then try the following:
    • Right click and select Manage
    • Select Disk management in the computer management window
    • right click on your dvd drive and click change drive letter and path.
    • In the new window, click Change. Select a drive letter where it shows assign a drive letter, in the new window. Click OK
         
                          

    • Restart your computer.

    How to delete access denied Files

    Have you ever encounter problems while deleting some files or folders that left out by some applications or viruses. When you try to delete the directory or file, it'll say "Cannot delete file; Access is denied". In these situations some software's like Unlocker will help you out. It can be used either in xp, vista or windows7.



    Unlocker is a free tool that adds an option to explorer context menu to perform a no. of operations like delete, rename, move etc. This software removes the locking protection from files and you'll be able to delete it. Follow these simple steps to delete access denied file or folder in windows.


    • Download and install Unlocker from here.
    • Right click on the file or folder you want to delete then select unlocker from the menu. A window will pop out and ask you to select an operation.




    • Select delete and click OK. In a few moments, your file should be deleted.

    Windows 7 Tips and Tricks

    1.PC Safeguard

    I rarely let anyone use my PC because I’m afraid he will mess it up, but it seems Microsoft has been thinking at me and came with a solution. The PC Safeguard doesn ’t let anyone mess your PC
    settings, because after the user logs off, the configurations are reset
    back to normal. Of course it will not restore the configurations changed by you, but only the ones
    done by other users you define.
    To use PC Safeguard, go to Control Panel -> User Accounts and create a new account, then select “Set Up Pc Safeguard ” and switch it on. Then you can stay relaxed when others use your computer, because
    you won ’t find anything changed, including configurations,downloaded software,installed programs.

    2. Screen Calibration Fortunately

    Windows 7 comes with a display calibration wizard that lets you set up the screen brightness properly, so
    you won ’t have any problems viewing photos or text. The problem was that on one PC a photo
    could look sharp and bright and on another it looks awful. Now the problem can be fixed by
    pressing the Windows logo key and then typing “DCCW”.

    3. AppLocker

    If you are usually sharing your computer with someone else, then you might want to restrict their access to your applications, files or documents. Using the Windows 7 AppLocker tool, you have a few options to do this by blocking other users to access Executables, Windows Installers, Scripts, a specific publisher or path. You can simply do this by pressing the Windows key then typing Gpedit.msc. Then go to ComputerConfiguration -> Windows
    Settings -> Security Settings -> Application Control
    Policies -> AppLocker.
    Right click on one of the options (Executables,Installers, or Script) and
    create a new rule. That should save you from a lot of headaches.

    4. Burn Images

    We all had trouble with image burning in Windows, because it couldn ’t do it itself, a standalone software being needed. With Windows 7 this will not be a problem anymore. All you have to do is double-click the ISO image and burn it on the CD or DVD that ’s inserted in the drive.

    5. Display Empty

    Removable Drives Windows 7 will not showempty drives by default, so if you connect an empty
    drive to your PC, don ’t worry, just go to Tools ->Folder Options -> View and uncheck “Hide empty drives in the computer folder ”. This doesn ’t seem like a good idea and it should not be default
    setting, because it will be hard for inexperienced users to figure it out. I bet a lot of users will return their newly bought drive thinking it ’s broken.

    6. Dock The Current

    Windows To The Left Side Of The Screen This new feature seems useful because sometimes it’s disturbing that windows seems to float like crazy on the screen and it’s hard to attach them to one side of it. Now this
    can easily be done using a keyboard shortcut. Press the Windows key + Left key (arrow) to dock it to
    the left side of the screen. 6.1 Dock The Current Windows To The Right Side Of The Screen Press the Windows key + Right key to dock it to the right side of the screen.

    7. Display Or Hide

    The Explorer Preview Panel Press ALT + P to hide it then once again to display it.

    8. Display Gadgets On Top

    Of Other Windows Press ALT + G

    9. Background Photo Slideshow

    If you are like me, lazy and bored, then you will want to change the background from time to time, wasting
    a lot of time. Now you don’t have to do this anymore, because you can set up a slideshow. Right click on the desktop then go to Personalize ->Desktop Background and hold the CTRL key while choosing the images. Then you can choose the time intervals between imagesand opt to display them randomly or in a row.

    10. Make The Taskbar Smaller

    If you feel like the taskbar is using too much of your screen space, you can choose to make the icons smaller. To do this, right-click on the Start button, then go to Properties ->Taskbar and set it to “Use small icons”

    Send SMS without Registration

    Hi Friends there is a site which is useful to play with ur friends especially with your Enemys.

    You can send free SMS to anybody without registration and that anybody will not find who is that buddy...


     - No Registration or Login required.
     - Send Unlimited 160 Characters Sms.
     - Check Message Delivery Report in Real Time.
     - We Don't Include Any Ads Along With Your Sms.
     - Very High Speed Message Delivery System.    

    Check this site http://smsti.in/

    How to Install Windows 7 from USB Flash Drive

    Requirements:
    *USB Flash Drive (Minimum 4GB)
    *Windows 7 or Vista installation files.
    Follow the below steps to create bootable Windows 7/Vista USB drive using which you can install Windows 7/Vista easily.
    1. Plug-in your USB flash drive to USB port and move all the contents from USB drive to a safe location on your system.
    2. Open Command Prompt with admin rights. Use any of the below methods to open Command Prompt with admin rights.
    *Type cmd in Start menu search box and hit Ctrl+ Shift+ Enter.
    Or
    *Go to Start menu > All programs > Accessories, right click on Command Prompt and select Run as administrator.
    3. You need to know about the USB drive a little bit. Type in the following commands in the command prompt:
    First type DISKPART and hit enter to see the below message.



    Next type LIST DISK command and note down the Disk number (ex: Disk 1) of your USB flash drive. In the below screenshot my Flash Drive Disk no is Disk 3.
    4. Next type all the below commands one by one. Here I assume that your disk drive no is “Disk 1”.If you have Disk 2 as your USB flash drive then use Disk 2.Refer the above step to confirm it.
    So below are the commands you need to type and execute one by one:
    SELECT DISK 1
    CLEAN
    CREATE PARTITION PRIMARY
    SELECT PARTITION 1
    ACTIVE
    FORMAT FS=NTFS
    (Format process may take few seconds)
    ASSIGN
    EXIT
    Don’t close the command prompt as we need to execute one more command at the next step. Just minimize it.


    5. Next insert your Windows7/Vista DVD into the optical drive and check the drive letter of the DVD drive. In this guide I will assume that your DVD drive letter is “H” and USB drive letter is “L” (open my computer to know about it).
    6. Maximize the minimized Command Prompt in the 4th step.Type  the following command now:
                            H: CD BOOT and hit enter.Where “H” is your DVD drive letter.
                            CD BOOT and hit enter
    7. Type another command given below to update the USB drive with BOOTMGR compatible code.

                   BOOTSECT.EXE /NT60 L:

                          
    Where “L” is your USB drive letter. Once you enter the above command you will see the above message.

    8. Copy your Windows 7/Vista DVD contents to the USB flash drive.
    9. Your USB drive is ready to boot and install Windows 7/Vista. Only thing you need to change the boot priority at the BIOS to USB from the HDD or CD ROM drive. I won’t explain it as it’s just the matter the changing the boot priority or enabling the USB boot option in the BIOS.
    Note: If you are not able to boot after following this guide means you haven’t set the BIOS priority to USB.

    Change Windows 7 Log-on Screen with Wallpaper

    Here i am sharing one simple windows 7 software which allows you ti change log-on screen wallpaper or solid color.This application allows you to change in default log-on setting modifying as per your requirement.
    Instant Logon Changer is nice,usefull and small software  which will help you in changing the windows log-on screen with your desktop wallpaper, any other image or any solid color which you want

    ScreenShot:
    http://arturdev.com/images/ilc/ilc_1.0_bef_aft.jpg





    As you can see in the options, you have these much option to modify your windows 7 log-on screen.

    Download Link : Instant Logon Changer

    Share Large File Direct Pc to Pc Without uploading

    FilesOverMiles is a tool for direct file sharing, fast and secure way to send files over the Internet. No setup or sign up and the file transfers are not stored anywhere. It will appeal to  many professionals who want to share files securely and efficiently.

    Steps:

    Step 1 : Go to http://www.filesovermiles.com/. Click “Browse” and select the file to transfer.
    Step 2 : As soon as you select the file, the site will generate an unique URL which you have to share with the user to want to send the file to.
    Step 3 (2nd User) : The PC on the receiving end of this file transfer must go this unique url which will show a download option from the file to be transferred PC to PC

    Note :
    The transfer file will continue to be available for download until the web page on 1st user’s browser is closed.

    This way you can securely transfer files of any size through one pc to another from your browser. No need to upload anywhere.

    Which programme is hanging your windows

    Sometimes your operating systems Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP crashed and hanged.You don’t know why this happens??

    When your pc is hanged  or crashed you just restart it and ignore that problem !
    Here i come with solution which helps you to find why your pc/laptop got hanged or crashed??
    Just read this article and Enjoy..!!

    Here is one application named WhatIsHang which provides  solution against certain crashes.
    “whatishang” tracking the information of application which is responsible for certain crashes and hangs.
    This application also provide you additional information like Stack Data,Call Stack, Processor Registers, and Memory .

    Here is screenshot of this application.


    Download Here: WhatIsHang

    Trick to find windows XP key From cd

    Hello Friends !! Here is Step by Step tutorial of finding windows xp key from any cd
    I hope you get your key easly..
     
     
    Just explore the CD itself by going to My Computer than right clicking the CD and click Explore.
    •  Now just find and open the folder named i386
    •  Find the .TXT file in it named UNATTEND.TXT well it will look like simple Unattend no problem just open it with Notepad.
    •  Scroll it till the last line appears Voila !!! you have the Product Key written right in front of you. Done!

    Use keyboard as Mouse

    How to use Keyboard To Control the Mouse Pointer?

    If you have no mouse or not working properly you can use keyboard as mouse in windows 7 and xp both.By using a feature that is built in by windows, called MouseKeys you can use keyboard as mouse. To turn on MouseKeys, go on Control Panel, click on Accesibility Options, click on the tab that says Mouse, and check the ‘Use MouseKeys‘ box. Alternatively, you could turn on MouseKeys by pressing Left ALT + Left Shift + Num Lock at the same time. Please note that this only works with the LEFT alt and shift, as if you try it with the right side, it will not work.
    Here are the controls, provided that you have a numeric keypad, to run MouseKeys.


  1. 2 = Move Down


  2. 8 = Move Up


  3. 4 = Move Left


  4. 6 = Move Right


  5. 7 = Move Diagonally Top Left


  6. 9 = Move Diagonally Top Right


  7. 1 = Move Diagonally Bottom Left


  8. 3 = Move Diagonally Bottom Right


  9. 5 = Simulate Mouse Single Left Click


  10. (+) = Simulate Mouse Double Click


  11. (-) = Simulate Mouse Right Click


  12. (*) = Simulate Both Mouse Buttons Click At Once


  13. If you’ve tried this, you may have noticed that the speed of the cursors is really slow. To speed this up, you just go into Settings, and change the speed.

    Settings For MouseKeys

    Just drag the sliders along to the maximum speed and acceleration, and it should be absolutely fine.

    Cool Windows 7 Keyboard Tricks !!

    Apart from making you work more efficiently and faster, you can also impress your friends or colleagues by being able to work without a mouse. This article describes some cool Windows 7 keyboard tricks to get you started. In the end you might never want to take your hands off the keyboard again.
    For your convenience, more keyboard shortcut resources are attached at the bottom.
    Note that some of these shortcuts will only work if Windows Aero is enabled. If Aero effects are disabled on your computer, it might not be powerful enough to support resource intensive graphical features. The visual effects may also have been disabled to increase overall performance. If you wish to enable Aero nevertheless

    Aero Shortcuts

    • [Windows] + [Spacebar] (Aero Peek)
      Make all open windows transparent to view gadgets and icons on desktop.
    cool keyboard tricks


           [Windows] + [D] (Aero Peek)
           Show or hide the desktop.

          [Windows] + [Home] (Aero Shake)
          Minimize all but selected window. Reverse by clicking the key combination again.

          [Windows] + left arrow OR [Windows] + right arrow (Aero Snap)
          Dock selected window to the left or right half of your screen.

          [Windows] + up arrow OR [Windows] + down arrow (Aero Snap)
          Maximized and restores the selected window.

         [Windows] + [SHIFT] + up arrow OR [Windows] + [SHIFT] + down arrow (Aero Snap)
         Maximizes and restores selected window in vertical dimension only.

         [Windows] + [Tab] (Aero Flip)
         Launch 3D representation of open windows and click [Tab] key again to flip through them


    Windows & Taskbar
    • [Alt] + [Ctrl] + [Tag] + left/right/up/down arrow
      Flip window.
    • [Alt] + [Tab]
      Cycle through open windows.
    windows 7 keyboard tricks
    • [Windows] + [T] OR [Windows] + [SHIFT] + [T]
      Move focus to front or back of taskbar. Press [T] again while holding the [Windows] key to cycle through items in the taskbar from left to right or, with [SHIFT] button held too, from right to left.
    • [Windows] + [B]
      Puts focus on the ‘show hidden icons’ button on the system tray.
    • [Windows] + [1] THROUGH [Windows] + [9]
      Launch first through ninth icon on taskbar, including items pinned to taskbar.
    • [Windows] + [SHIFT] + [1] THROUGH [Windows] + [SHIFT] + [9]
      Starts new instance of respective taskbar icon.
    • [Windows] + [Ctrl] + [1] THROUGH [Windows] + [Ctrl] + [9]
      Cycles through multiple instances of the respective icon.
    • [Windows] + [Alt] + [1] THROUGH [Windows] + [Alt] + [9]
      Opens jump list for respective icon.
    fun keyboard tricks

    Multiple Monitors

    • [Windows] + [SHIFT] + right arrow OR [Windows] + [SHIFT] + left arrow
      Move selected window from one monitor to another. They will remain in the same relative location.
    • [Windows] + [P]
      Select presentation display mode.
    fun keyboard tricks

    Magnifier

    • [Windows] + [+] OR [Windows] + [-]
      Activates Windows Magnifier to zoom in or out of screen.
    • [Ctrl] + [Alt] + [D]
      Switch to docked mode.
    • [Ctrl] + [Alt] + [L]
      Switch to lense mode.
    fun keyboard tricks windows
    • [Ctrl] + [Alt] + [F]
      Switch from docked or lens mode back to full screen mode.
    • [Ctrl] + [Alt] + [I]
      Invert colors.
    • [Windows] + [Esc]
      Exist magnifier views.

    Other

    • [Windows] + [G]
      Cycle through desktop gadgets.
    • [Windows] + [X]
      Launches Windows Mobility Center. Especially useful if you’re working on a laptop.
    windows keyboard tricks

    Lock your PC using Pen drive

    Have you ever seen a movie in which a person in some secret government installation simply inserts and removes a card to log in and log out of a PC? If you thought that idea was cool, you’ll definitely want to investigate Predator. Once installed and configured, this little freeware utility will allow you to turn a USB flash drive into a key you can use to lock and unlock your computer.

    With Predator, you can use a USB flash drive as a key to lock and unlock your computer.

    While the USB flash drive is connected to your computer, everything works as it normally would. Once you remove the USB flash drive, your computer is locked down — the keyboard and mouse are disabled and the screen darkens. To unlock your computer, you just plug in the USB flash drive and the computer will be unlocked and you can begin using it.

    To learn more about Predator, and/or to download it, visit developer’s Web site.

    Search the Internet from the Start Menu

    The Start Menu's search box is a convenient way to search through your PC -- but you can also have it do double-duty and perform Internet searches as well. To enable this feature:

    1. In the Start Menu search box, type GPEDIT.MSC and press Enter to run the Group Policy Editor.

    2. Go to User Configuration --> Administrative Templates --> Start Menu and Taskbar.

    3. Double-click "Add Search Internet link to Start Menu," and from the screen that appears, select Enabled. Then click OK and close the Group Policy Editor.


    4. From now on, when you type a search term in the Search box on the Start Menu, a "Search the Internet" link will appear. Click the link to launch the search in your default browser with your default search engine.

    Get Battery Performance Report in Windows 7

    Have a laptop and want to get more battery life out of it? Windows 7 includes a hidden built-in tool that will examine your laptop's energy use and make recommendations on how to improve it. To use it:

    1. Run a command prompt as an administrator. To do this, type cmd in the search box, and when the cmd icon appears, right-click it and choose "Run as administrator."

    2. At the command line, type in the following:
    powercfg -energy -output \Folder\Energy_Report.html
    where \Folder represents the folder where you want the report to be placed.

    3. For about a minute, Windows 7 will examine the behavior of your laptop. It will then analyze it and create a report in HTML format in the folder you specified. Double-click the file, and you'll get a report -- follow its recommendations for ways to improve power performance.

    Use Hidden Wallpapers and Themes on Windows 7

    When you first install Windows 7, it asks for your language, time and currency. Based on your responses, it installs a set of wallpapers and themes. If you choose English (United States) for your time and currency format, for example, the available desktop backgrounds and themes will include a United States section with scenery from locations such as Maine, the Southwest and so on.
    Hidden, though, are background scenery and themes from other English-speaking countries -- Australia, Canada, Great Britain and South Africa. Normally, you can't access those backgrounds or themes, but there is a simple way you can install and use them:

    1. In the search box in the Start menu, type C:\Windows\Globalization\MCT and press Enter. (Note: If Windows 7 is installed in a drive other than C:, use that letter instead.)

    2. Windows Explorer will launch and show you a list of subfolders under C:\Windows\Globalization\MCT: MCT-AU, MCT-CA, MCT-GB, MCT-US, and MCT-ZA. Each subfolder has wallpapers for a specific country: AU for Australia, CA for Canada, GB for Great Britain, US for the United States, and ZA for South Africa.

    For any of the countries whose wallpaper and themes you want to use, go into its Theme folder, for example, C:\Windows\Globalization\MCT\MCT-ZA\Theme. Double-click the theme you see there (for example ZA).

    3. That will install a shortcut to the theme and wallpapers in the Personalization section of Control Panel.
    You can now use them as you would any other theme or background, by right-clicking the desktop, choosing Personalize, and choosing a background or theme. They will be listed in their own section.